Exploring Phenolic Diversity in Quercus coccifera L. Roots: HPLC-DAD Profiling and Mathematical Optimization through Response Surface Methodology
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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-3965Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects and proportions of different extraction methods and phenolic compounds in extracts from the root of Quercus coccifera L. (QcRE). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) was used for mathematical modeling and optimization (MMO) using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization aimed to maximize the phenolic compounds identified as Syringic acid (Sy-Ac), Gallic acid (GA), Fumaric acid (FA), Catechin (Ctc), Caffeic acid (Cf-Ac), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (Hyb-Ac), and Catechin hydrate (Ctc-Hyd). The Design Expert program was used for RSM, with the conventional extraction duration (30-120 minutes) as an independent variable. The best-predicted extraction parameter (Prd-90 min) was compared with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The optimal extraction duration for conventional extraction was determined to be 90 minutes, with low deviation rates between real and predicted results (0.191% to 4.67%). The desirability value in the optimization was high at 0.973. In comparison, the highest yield was observed in Prd-90, followed by MAE and ASE. While the Sy-Ac results were similar across methods, GA was highest only in Prd-90. For other phenolic compounds, ASE showed the highest levels, decreasing for MAE and Prd-90. The study found that extraction durations significantly affected phenolic compound components. The RSM model statistics indicated that only the Ex-Yld conformed to the criteria for a suitable model, with the cubic and quadratic models selected as optimal. The study highlighted the importance of extraction duration in the optimization process, noting that prolonged exposure to heat could degrade phenolic compounds. The response surface plots showed 90 minutes as the optimal extraction duration for most phenolic compounds, though some compounds had optimal durations of 52.5 minutes. The study concluded that extraction conditions significantly impact the yield and composition of phenolic compounds in QcRE.
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